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| Estimated Number of Printed Pages: 39
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| TOPICS COVERED: This is one of our largest memos. And it should be. When people move, whether pursuing economic opportunity or fleeing violence and/or persecution, it dramatically upsets family life. The more this goes on, the greater the challenge to hold families together and retain traditions. While you might assume this page is just about international emigration, it actually relates to everyone: there is not a family today that has not been tested by migration at some point in the last hundred years. Migration also includes the movement of people within a country. In the geographically-enormous United States, families were broken apart by the movement westward, toward the frontier, and by the two phases of African-American migration to the north. Today, the Mexican migration to the United States is the largest sustained international population movement in the world. The movement of elderly to the sunbelt has put grandparents farther away, as well. Very often the troubles that haunt a family today have their roots in migration that occurred a generation earlier.
And who doesn’t have a sibling or cousin who moved across the country for a job, or an education, or just to get away?
In the Third World today, waves of people are leaving rural areas and crowding the already-overbloated cities. This type of migration – and its history – is discussed in the related memo, Industrialization/Urbanization. And the trend in the United States to do the opposite – to flee to the suburbs – is covered in another related memo, The Rise of Suburbia. Despite the fact that today people imagine suburbs to be the best place for families, when people first started making the move, it was very controversial, because it left the elderly in the cities and ended the three-generational household – more evidence that the impact of migration on family structure is so pervasive, that we usually can't even see it. Instead, we just think that it's always been that way.
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| Families migrate together as a group, or, if individual family members do migrate alone, they bring with them a clear expectation that the others in their families will soon join them.
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| of those who migrated to Germany between 1973 and 1994 who were relatives of migrants already living there. 1.
More than 600,000
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| of those emigrating to the U.K. between the early 1970s and the early 1990s had relatives already living there. 2.
727,000
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| of those who emigrated to Switzerland during 1968 and 1995 had relatives already living there. 3.
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| 19,000 Filipino female migrants were working in Italy in 1995, while there were only 8,700 Filipino men there. 4.
22,000
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| Yugoslav female migrants were working in the Netherlands in 1995 – almost equal number to the number of Yugoslav males there (23,800). 5.
Over 400,000
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| Women made up 75 percent of the labor force that had migrated from Sri Lanka in 2003. And a lot of them were mothers leaving young children behind. Of surveyed Sri Lankan children with mothers abroad, 80 percent of the children were under 15. 6.
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They are men –
About 50,000
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| Egyptians, mostly single, unskilled men, were working as laborers on construction sites in elsewhere in the Middle East in 1995. Before 1974, the Egyptian emigrant population was a small number, primarily of professionals. 7.
40 percent
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| of South Africa's male labor force, aged 20-39, is away in South Africa at any given time. 8.
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| The majority of migrants who have emigrated from South Asia in search of temporary employment abroad were married, and had children. 9.
36 percent
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| of immigrants to Ireland in 2001 were married. According to a study. 10.
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52 percent and 44 percent
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| of the legal, and illegal immigrants in Greece in 1997 were married. 11.
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| Number of children worldwide forced from their homes and communities by conflict during the 1990s. 12.
One out of every four
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| children in Sweden has their roots in other parts of the world. In its larger cities, that figure rises to almost half. 13.
1,200
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| Number of unaccompanied children who immigrated to Finland in approximately the past ten years. Over half were Somali. 14.
5,400
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| immigrants to Ireland in 2001 – 20.5 percent of all those who immigrated there that year – were under 14 years old. According to a study. 15.
13 percent
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| of children adopted in the U.S. are foreign-born. 16.
Four percent
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| of children in the U.S. who live with their biological parents are foreign-born. 17.
Four percent
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| of children in the U.S. who live with stepparents are foreign-born. 18.
1.6 million
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| children in the U.S. are undocumented immigrants. Another 3 million children are U.S. citizens, with parents who are undocumented. 19.
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They are the ones they probably want to keep at home – more educated and younger
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| The émigrés of Central Europe, Jordan, and Syria have higher than the nations' average educational attainment. In Central Europe, the majority also tend to be younger than the rest of the population, aging 20-35 years old. 20.
30-40 percent
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| of Ukrainian households have had at least one household member who has experienced at least one move abroad. 21.
Every country in North Africa –
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| Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sudan and Tunisia – all had negative net migration during the 1990s, meaning more people left those nations than came to them. 22.
One-sixth
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| of all foreigners living in the E.U. are Turkish. That’s 3 million, making it the largest expatriate community in all of Western Europe. 23.
550,000
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| Estimated number of Sri Lankan workers who were working abroad in 2003. 24.
Over 7 million –
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| South Koreans live outside of their nation of origin. Of these, half left home after 1965. 25.
About eleven million
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| Number of Lebanese living "outside Lebanon in different parts of the world. The government allows double nationality for Lebanese but does not have an official policy to regulate migration to foreign countries." 26.
Half a million
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| The estimated number of Pakistani workers who were reported to have left, as labor migrants, from 1984-1989. 27.
A couple hundred
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| Number of the Pakistani labor migrants, from 1984-1989, who were women (mostly nurses and domestic workers). 28.
More than 60 million
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| The projected net number of international migrants to more developed regions during 2005-2050 – 2.2 million annually. For the developed world, the migration will largely offset the expected excess of deaths over births during 2005-2050, which is projected to be a loss of 73 million people. On the other hand, the immigration will barely seem to effect the developing world, since the 98 million emigrants will be less less than four percent of those nations' expected population growth. 30.
The United States
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| the foreign born population in the United States in 2002, up from 31 million in 2000, and from 19.8 million in 1990. This group constituted 11.7 percent of the population in the highest percentage since 1930 – when they composed 11.6 percent of the total population. But that still is substantially below 1890's 14.8 percent foreign-born population. 31.
53.3 percent
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| of the U.S. foreign born population in the United States were born in Latin America. 25.0 percent of them were born in Asia, 13.7 percent in Europe, and the remaining 8.0 percent in other regions of the world. 32.
21.3 million
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| of them arrive and then initially live in six "gateway" states: California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey. Over 1 million foreign-born people reside in each of these states. That amount would, if the states weren't states, but European countries, put them near the top E.U. nations with the highest numbers of foreign-born populations. In California in 2000, the number of foreign-born residents was just under 1.2 million – equivalent to the entire U.S. annual increase of foreign-born population. 33.
Over 1.2 million
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| the number of new immigrants to the U.S. each year since 2000, according to government estimates. 34.
13.6 percent
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| of the U.S. foreign born in the U.S. in 2003, had entered the United States since 2000. 35.
Approximately 40 percent
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| of the U.S. foreign born population aged 5 and over are United States citizens. 36.
Approximately 26 percent
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| of the U.S. foreign born population are undocumented immigrants. 37.
Over 10 million
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| The estimated number of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Of these, 60-75 percent entered the U.S. illegally, while the remaining 25-40 percent entered on a legal basis, but subsequently overstayed their visa or otherwise violated the terms of their admission (e.g. they had student visas but are working, etc.). 38.
Approximately five percent
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| of the U.S. work force is undocumented immigrants. 39.
17 percent
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| of U.S. children lived with a foreign-born householder in 2000. 40.
5.6 Million
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| Number of foreign-born people who moved to the United States from abroad in the period of 1995 and 2000. 41.
Two out of five–
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| foreign-born Hispanics in the U.S. – 46 percent – entered the United States between 1990 and 2000. 42.
40 percent
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| of Hispanics in the U.S. in 2000 were foreign born. About 71 percent – seven out of every 10 Hispanics residing in the United States – were either native or naturalized citizens, compared with 93.4 percent – over 9 out of every 10 people – in the total population. 43.
43 percent
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| of the Asian population in the U.S. entered the country between the years 1990 to 2000. 44.
69 percent
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| of all Asians in the U.S. are foreign born, compared to the total U.S. population of 11.1 percent. 45.
But 65.4 percent
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| of Asians in the U.S. are either native or naturalized citizens. 46.
44 percent
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| of Pacific Islanders who are foreign born and in the U.S. arrived between 1990 and 2000. 47.
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| In 2002, net migration to the European Union was higher than the net migration to the U.S. 48.
18.69 million
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| Number of the European Union population who were third-country nationals in 2002. One-third of these were actually citizens of another EU nation. 49.
Five percent
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| of the European Union population were third-country nationals in 2002. 50.
About four million
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| Number of non-citizens living in Western European nations in 1950. That number doubled within 20 years. Between 1970 and 2000, the number almost doubled again. 51.
More than one million
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| By the 1990s, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland each had at least 1 million immigrants within their borders, which make them the most important immigration countries in Western Europe. 52.
And that's probably an undercount
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| There is a rising number of criminal networks that smuggle illegal immigrants – usually labor migrants – into the E.U., usually through Central and Eastern Europe. 53.
26,300
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| The non-citizen population of Ireland in 2001, more than three times what it had been just five years earlier (8,000 in 1996). While much less than other nations' immigrant populations, the sudden increase hit a small country that traditionally sees itself of as country people emigrate from, not emigrate to. The result was that this rapid growth caused serious social and political tensions. 54.
A five-fold increase
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| In 1991 there were only 167,000 immigrants in Greece. By 2001, the number had risen to 797,000 – making the foreign-born population over seven percent of the total population. The clear majority of these immigrants – 440,000 of them – are from Albania. That is 56 percent of the total immigrant population. The next largest share of the immigrant population were Bulgarians, and they're just five percent of the immigrants to Greece. 55.
Over 90 percent
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| of the population increase in Greece over the past decade has been due to immigration. The natural increase (that is, from births) has only increased the population by 22,600. But the population of Greece has increased by over 650,000 during that same period – about 630,000 of whom were immigrants. 56.
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South Americans have tended to emigrate within the region –
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| During the economic turmoil of 1990s, South Americans have increasingly chose the U.S., Europe, and to a lesser extent, Japan, for their countries of destination. But usually, South Americans have tended to emigrate to other countries within the region. Paraguayans move to Argentina and Brazil; Ecuadorians go to Colombia, Bolivians head to Argentina, Chile and Brazil, while Chileans and Uruguayans go to Argentina. 57.
The U.K., the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand –
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| destinations for South Asian professionally and technically qualified persons. 58.
The Middle East –
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| destinations, since the 1970s, for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labour from South and Central Asia. 59.
28 percent
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| of Australians were born overseas. 60.
Iraq
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| was a labor-importing nation until its second war, and to facilitate that, it used to give free entrance without a visa to all Arabs. 61.
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| The survival of every household
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| of Lesotho is directly or indirectly dependent on monthly payments sent home from migrants to South Africa. 63.
Cheap labor from the former colonies –
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| During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a mass migration movement of laborers from former colonies to the respective former ‘mother countries’ These migrants more willing to migrate, and the countries were more eager to receive them because they already spoke the language, there were systems in place to grant them residency or even citizenship. So Indians and Pakistanis migrated to Great Britain, Moroccans and Algerians moved to France; and people from Surinam who migrated to The Netherlands. 64.
Ten-Fold
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| The increase in migration from Egypt to the oil / Gulf countries in need of outside labor from 1975 to 1984. 65.
So many laborers had left, that they had to import replacement labor –
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| Beginning in 1950, increasing unemployment in Jordan meant that the government began to allow laborers to leave the country for Europe, Australia and the U.S.A. But by 1976-1982, so many people had left, that Jordan started having labor shortages in certain positions, and they had to start importing workers to fill those positions. So they became, at the same time, a country that both imported and exported labor. Since then, Jordan’s migration polices have included bilateral agreements with some countries. 66.
Making it easier to emigrate –
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| In Germany, where the future prospects of a sufficiently large workforce keep dwindling with the countries' falling birth rates, an effort has begun to improve the conditions for immigration, especially for highly skilled laborers. While there's a debate over the extent to which this should be done, the first set of changes needed to attract these workers have already been completed. 67.
About 25,000 factories
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| moved from Hong Kong to China, from the mid-1980s to 1990s, while still other entities began to open Chinese locations. The result has been large numbers of Hong Kong employees work in these Chinese facilities for long periods of time. 68.
More money, at the cost of everything else
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| Most women migrating from South Asia end up as housemaids, having considerably less status than they enjoyed at home, or even in comparison to their men emigrating from the same region. Still, the desire to earn money for their families is more important than this. 69.
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To find peace and stability –
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| aren't always the glamorous ones fleeing a country on a jet, and their stories may not contain the drama of a spy thriller. But they are usually the people publicly involved in a nation's politics. They are often the urban, and, economically, are in the middle or upper class. They're often educated. Or, perhaps they occupy a position of leadership in a trade union or peasant community. 70.
Displacement, on the other hand
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| effects entire populations – men, women and children, elderly and infirm. And it has even more of an impact in the rural and remote populations. 71.
27 million
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| people were refugees who had fled their native countries in 1997. That is more than double the number it was 15 years earlier (11 million in 1987) and almost ten times the number it was in 1970 (2.5 million). 72.
Another 30 million
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| people were displaced, within their own country, for one reason or another, at any given time during the 1990s. 73.
One-third
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| of the world’s refugees were in Africa in 1995. About 10 million are victims of forced migration, sometimes ironically resulting in neighboring countries having with each others’ refugees (e.g. there are Mailan refugees in Mauritania . . . and Mauritanian refugees in Mali). 74.
450,000-600,000
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| Estimated number of those in Peru who were displaced due to the military re | | |
